A mysterious 'circle stone' is puzzling archaeologists who unearthed it with an ancient village in Arizona (USA). "You don't find little pieces of rock art like that very often," archaeologist Avi Buckles said. The stone has caused a buzz of amazement and speculation among his peers.
     Buckles works for WestLand Resources Inc., an Arizona engineering and environmental consultancy that has been studying the site for more than a year. Bill Deaver, a senior archaeologist and principal investigator with WestLand, walked among the still-exposed ruins on December 10 and described what is believed to be a desert Mogollon community that preliminary analysis indicates existed about the time of Christ until 600 CE. Deaver estimated 200 people may have occupied the tiny village during those centuries. At any point in time, no more than one or two families lived there, with a family of four or five people dwelling in a 'prehistoric frame-and-stucco' house built partially below the ground level.
     "What we found are mostly pieces of broken plain brown ware and plain red pottery," Deaver said. "We didn't find any painted pottery here. The material culture here is quite basic. There's not a lot of elaboration with it." The archaeologists also found a lot of broken chipping debris from tool-making but found few tools. They found grinding implements, which were "pretty rudimentary," Deaver said, noting the Mogollon are known for having a longer reliance than other cultures on hunting and gathering. They subsisted on grass and native plants: acorns, walnuts, grass seeds and cactus fruits. Arm bracelets made from seashells pointed to known trade corridors.
     The archaeologists are not ruling out the possibility that these villagers were growing and grinding corn. In the Tucson area, from 1200 BCE until the time of Christ, there was significant reliance on corn as part of the diet of the indigenous culture, Deaver said. But, he added, "up here," in the chaparral grasslands, "I would put this under the rubric of the Mogollon culture." Exactly what the people in this village ate, as well as other specific information, remains to be precisely known. There is much analysis and study to be done by WestLand in the months and years ahead.
     Mark Chenault, Ph.D., WestLand's archaeology program manager, said of the pre-decorated ceramics, "Because this is plain ware, it indicates it's early, but it doesn't tell us a precise date yet, so we're waiting to run our archaeo-magnetic dating samples and our radiocarbon dating samples to get a better calendar date for the occupation."
     One tantalizing piece that you can hold in your hand is the 'circle stone,' as WestLand archaeologist Christine Jerla calls it. Roughly the size of a slow-pitch softball, one hemisphere has concentric circles carved in relief. The motif is reminiscent of the relatively common spiral petroglyphs found etched on immovable rock faces in Arizona. The circle stone is just one of more than 700 features found at the site, Deaver said.
     About 20 boxes of artifacts were found at the site, which is known to archaeologists by the name given to it by developers Karol George and Dick Pino, Summit Heights. It is a pending new-homes development on 40 acres. Deaver showed the reporters the remains of one excavated pit house. To the untrained eye, there isn't much there. One of the artifacts found on the site - a three-quarter groove ax - was likely used in the construction of homes. The ax was slightly cracked by a backhoe during the excavations.

Sources: Associated Press, KTAR (2 January 2009)